overview
Supporting data for Heraty, J. M., F. Ronquist, J. C. Carpenter, D. Hawks, S. Schulmeister, A. Dowling, D. Murray, J. B. Munro, M. Sharkey, and A. R. Deans. submitting. Hymenopteran Relationships: Structure of a Megaradiation. PNAS.
The ants, bees and wasps represent one of the most successful radiations of insects, with their first origins in the Triassic to Jurassic, and a major explosion of modern taxa in the early to mid Cretaceous. Conflict has arisen between molecular and morphological approaches to understanding their relationships, although there is general support for a basal grade of phytophagous families that give rise to a single radiation of parasitic Hymenoptera, and later developments of predation, pollen-feeding and the evolution of eusociality. These relationships are captured in the first comprehensive analysis of all superfamilies with approximately 8 kb of sequence from 4 gene regions. Thirty-two outgroup taxa, including 8 orders of Holometabola, are used to establish monophyly of Hymenoptera and a sistergroup relationship to the other Holometabola. Results are drawn from both parsimony and likelihood (Bayesian and RAxML) analyses, and both manual and secondary-structure alignments. Relationships are congruent across most analyses and support a monophyletic Unicalcarida with a single origin of parasitism in the Vespina. Many of the groups proposed from morphology are recovered, including a monophyletic and strongly supported Proctotrupomorpha, Ichneumonoidea, Evanioidea and Chalcidoidea. Unexpected groups include a grouping of wood-boring sawflies (Xiphydrioidea + Siricoidea), a sistergroup relationship between Ichneumonoidea and Proctotrupomorpha, a core group of Proctotrupoidea, and a monophyletic Evaniomorpha and Aculeata. A grouping of Diaprioidea and Chalcidoidea is supported. Relationships of the basal Hymenoptera, including Xyeloidea, Pamphilioidea and Cephoidea remain controversial, and the placement of Orussoidea varies from either the sister group of Apocrita or Stephanoidea within Vespina.
data
- The alignment (not jRNA/Psy tested) is here.
